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Vitalik Buter
2026-09-06 13:32:24

Vitalik: SNARK Likely to Achieve Single-Digit Computation Overhead by End of Decade

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin shared an optimistic non-consensus view on the long-term development of cryptography. He assessed that SNARK, FHE, and iO protocols have a 33% probability of keeping total cost within 1+ε times the base computational cost for general real-world computation, and a 60% probability of keeping the cost multiplier below 10x when combining energy and amortized costs. He predicted that at least one of these goals will likely be achieved before the end of this decade, most likely SNARK reaching single-digit computational overhead. He noted that in specialized hash functions and some large language model reasoning scenarios, this level has already been reached.

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Vitalik: SNARK Likely to Achieve Single-Digit Computation Overhead by End of Decade
Vitalik Buter
2026-09-06 13:13:51

Vitalik: Universal STARK Performance Exceeds Early Expectations, Future Overhead Could Drop to Double Digits

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin said the Poseidon hash function family has created significant practical value in Ethereum and beyond. Modern privacy protocols rely on Poseidon to generate SNARK proofs quickly on the client side. Universal STARKs now achieve extremely high performance, with batch computation proof overhead down to three digits, and could drop to double digits or lower, exceeding early 2020s expectations.

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Vitalik: Universal STARK Performance Exceeds Early Expectations, Future Overhead Could Drop to Double Digits
StarkWare
2026-08-14 13:17:44

StarkWare co-founder backs Ethereum’s move toward STARKs, but says key points were missed

StarkWare co-founder and CEO Eli Ben-Sasson said he agrees with Ethereum’s decision to move in the direction of STARKs, described here as hash-based SNARKs, but argued that the framing left out two important points and included one misleading claim. In a post on X, he said the debate between STARKs and SNARKs has been going on for years, with much of the related research previously led by StarkWare and funded by the Ethereum Foundation. He also said small binary fields were introduced to the zero-knowledge proof field in the 2018 ZK-STARK paper, rather than being original to Binius and Flonk. Ben-Sasson added that prime-field STARKs do not require large primes, pointing to Stwo’s use of the 31-bit prime field M31 as an efficient example. He further argued that binary-field multiplication performs poorly on GPUs, while multiplication over small prime fields such as M31 is more efficient, which he said could create hard-to-overcome challenges for GPU designs built on binary fields.

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StarkWare co-founder backs Ethereum’s move toward STARKs, but says key points were missed
Ethereum
2026-08-14 03:53:48

Ethereum Drops Poseidon for SHA2 and BLAKE2 in Layer 1 Post-Quantum Shift

Ethereum is moving away from Poseidon at Layer 1, ending years of work around a hash function long favored in SNARK-based systems. On Aug. 13, Ethereum researcher Justin Drake said on X that the Ethereum Foundation had decided to abandon Poseidon in favor of traditional hash functions such as SHA2 or BLAKE2. The change comes after eight years of research, tens of millions of dollars in spending, and a broader reset of Ethereum’s post-quantum roadmap. The key technical driver is progress in binary-field SNARK design, which allows traditional hash functions to perform inside proving systems at speeds that were previously associated with SNARK-optimized designs. Drake said a laptop can now verify about 1 million conventional hash calls per second in a SNARK setting, while recent benchmarks from projects including Flock and SNARK.fast point to sharply improved throughput. The roadmap itself remains in place. Ethereum still expects a production-grade leanVM in 2027, followed by deployments across the consensus, execution, and data layers in 2028. The Foundation has also expanded its post-quantum work through pq.ethereum.org, weekly interoperability devnets involving more than 10 client teams, and two $1 million research prizes. The shift also comes as Solana and Starknet advance their own post-quantum plans using Falcon and BLAKE2-based transitions.

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Ethereum Drops Poseidon for SHA2 and BLAKE2 in Layer 1 Post-Quantum Shift